Tag: Dividend

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Stock Market Investing

Understanding the Dividend Snowball Strategy

As an investor, you’re always looking for the best ways to make your money work for you. One popular investment strategy that you may have heard of is the Dividend Snowball Strategy. This approach involves investing in companies that pay regular dividends and reinvesting those dividends to purchase more shares of stock. Over time, this can create a snowball effect as your portfolio grows, and the amount of dividends you receive increases.

In this article, we’ll provide a comprehensive guide to the Dividend Snowball Strategy, including what it is, how it works, and why it might be a good investment option for you.

Understanding the Dividend Snowball Strategy

What is the Dividend Snowball Strategy?

The Dividend Snowball Strategy is an investment approach that focuses on investing in companies that pay regular dividends. Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders, usually on a quarterly basis. When you own shares in a company that pays dividends, you are entitled to a portion of those payments.

With the Dividend Snowball Strategy, you take those dividend payments and reinvest them into more shares of the same company’s stock. This creates a snowball effect, as the number of shares you own increases, and so does the amount of dividends you receive. As the dividends increase, you can reinvest those payments to purchase even more shares of stock.

How does the Dividend Snowball Strategy work?

The Dividend Snowball Strategy works by reinvesting the dividends you receive from your investments. Instead of taking the cash payout from the dividends, you use that money to purchase more shares of the same company’s stock. This creates a compounding effect, where the number of shares you own and the amount of dividends you receive continue to increase over time.

For example, let’s say you own 100 shares of a company that pays a $1 dividend per share each year. That means you would receive $100 in dividends each year. Instead of taking that $100 in cash, you reinvest it by purchasing more shares of the same company’s stock. Let’s say the stock is currently trading at $50 per share, so you use the $100 to purchase two more shares of stock. Now, you own 102 shares, and your annual dividend payout is $102. Over time, this can lead to a significant increase in your portfolio’s value and the amount of dividends you receive.

Dividend Snowball vs Debt Snowball

The debt snowball strategy is a debt reduction strategy that involves paying off your debts one by one, starting with the smallest debt first. Once you have paid off the smallest debt, you move on to the next smallest debt, and so on, until all of your debts are paid off. The idea is that by focusing on one debt at a time, you can build momentum and stay motivated as you pay off your debts.

The dividend snowball strategy, on the other hand, is an investment strategy that involves investing in companies that pay dividends and reinvesting those dividends back into more shares of the same company. The goal is to create a snowball effect where the size of the dividends grows over time, leading to a larger investment portfolio and more income.

While the debt snowball and the dividend snowball are different in their approach, they both rely on the power of compounding to achieve their intended outcomes. With the debt snowball strategy, you are paying off your debts one by one, which frees up more money to pay off the remaining debts. As you pay off each debt, you have more money to put towards the next debt, which can help you pay off your debts more quickly.

With the dividend snowball strategy, you are reinvesting your dividends back into more shares of the same company. As you reinvest your dividends, you are essentially compounding your investment, which can lead to exponential growth over time. The larger dividend payments can then be used to purchase even more shares, leading to an even bigger snowball effect.

In other words, the debt snowball uses the power of compounding to get you out of debt. The dividend snowball uses the power of compounding to grow your wealth once you’re out of debt.

Why might the Dividend Snowball Strategy be a good investment option?

There are several reasons why the Dividend Snowball Strategy might be a good investment option for you.

First, dividends are a reliable source of income. Unlike stock prices, which can be volatile and unpredictable, dividends are typically paid on a regular basis and can provide a steady stream of income.

Second, the Dividend Snowball Strategy can lead to significant compounding over time. As you reinvest your dividends, the number of shares you own and the amount of dividends you receive will continue to increase. This can lead to exponential growth in your portfolio’s value.

Third, investing in companies that pay dividends can be a way to avoid some of the risks associated with growth stocks. Companies that pay dividends are typically more established and stable than growth stocks, which can be more volatile and risky.

How to implement the Dividend Snowball Strategy

To implement the Dividend Snowball Strategy, you’ll need to do some research and identify companies that pay regular dividends. Look for companies with a strong track record of paying dividends and increasing those payments over time.

Once you’ve identified some potential investments, you can begin purchasing shares of stock and reinvesting the dividends you receive. Many online brokerages and investment platforms offer dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs), which allow you to automatically reinvest your dividends into more shares of stock without incurring additional fees or commissions.

As with any investment strategy, it’s important to do your due diligence and carefully research the companies you’re considering investing in. Look for companies with strong financials, a history of paying and increasing dividends, and a competitive advantage in their industry.

It’s also important to diversify your portfolio and not put all of your eggs in one basket. Consider investing in multiple companies across different industries to spread your risk and increase your potential for long-term growth.

Potential drawbacks of the Dividend Snowball Strategy

While the Dividend Snowball Strategy can be a great way to build long-term wealth, it’s important to be aware of potential drawbacks.

One potential downside is that companies can reduce or eliminate their dividend payments at any time. This can happen if the company experiences financial difficulties or decides to reinvest its profits in other areas of the business. If a company reduces or eliminates its dividend payments, it can have a negative impact on your portfolio’s value and your income stream.

Another potential drawback is that the Dividend Snowball Strategy may not provide as much short-term growth as other investment strategies. By focusing on companies that pay dividends, you may miss out on some of the high-growth opportunities available in the stock market.

Conclusion

The Dividend Snowball Strategy is a popular investment approach that can provide a reliable source of income and significant compounding over time. By investing in companies that pay regular dividends and reinvesting those payments into more shares of stock, you can create a snowball effect that leads to exponential growth in your portfolio’s value.

While the Dividend Snowball Strategy may not provide as much short-term growth as other investment strategies, it can be a great way to build long-term wealth and avoid some of the risks associated with growth stocks.

If you’re interested in implementing the Dividend Snowball Strategy, it’s important to do your research and carefully select companies with strong financials and a history of paying and increasing dividends. By diversifying your portfolio and being aware of potential drawbacks, you can set yourself up for long-term success.

Categories
Stock Market Investing

Dividend Investing: An Overview

Dividend investing involves buying and holding stocks that pay dividends, with the goal of generating income and potentially benefiting from capital appreciation over the long-term. Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders, typically in the form of cash or additional shares of stock.

There are many different reasons why people invest in dividend-paying stocks, including the potential for a steady stream of income, the opportunity to benefit from capital appreciation over the long-term, and the potential for dividends to serve as a hedge against inflation. Dividend-paying stocks may also be attractive to investors who are in a high tax bracket, as dividends are typically taxed at a lower rate than other types of income.

However, it is important to note that dividend-paying stocks carry their own set of risks, including the possibility of fluctuations in the stock price, the risk that the company may not continue to pay dividends, and the risk that the value of the dividends may not keep pace with inflation. It is important for investors to understand these risks and to be prepared for the possibility of losses as well as gains.

Dividend Investing: An Overview

Types of Dividend-Paying Stocks

There are many different types of dividend-paying stocks, including blue-chip stocks, utility stocks, and REITs.

Blue-chip stocks are stocks of well-established, financially sound companies with a track record of stability and growth. These types of stocks are often considered to be lower risk and may offer a steady stream of dividends. Examples of blue-chip stocks include large multinational corporations like IBM, Johnson & Johnson, and Procter & Gamble.

Utility stocks are stocks of companies that provide essential services, such as electricity, gas, and water. These companies tend to have stable earnings and may offer a steady stream of dividends. Examples of utility stocks include utility companies like Duke Energy and Consolidated Edison.

REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) are companies that own and operate income-generating real estate properties, such as office buildings, apartment complexes, and shopping centers. REITs are required to pay out at least 90% of their taxable income as dividends to shareholders, making them a potentially attractive option for investors seeking regular income.

How to Invest in Dividend-Paying Stocks

There are many different ways to invest in dividend-paying stocks, including buying individual stocks, investing in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that hold a diversified portfolio of dividend-paying stocks, and participating in a workplace retirement plan like a 401(k) or pension plan.

If you are considering investing in individual dividend-paying stocks, it is important to do your research and thoroughly evaluate the company before making a purchase. This may include reviewing the company’s financial statements, understanding its business model and competitive advantage, and considering the management team and their track record. It is also a good idea to diversify your portfolio by owning a variety of different dividend-paying stocks rather than putting all your eggs in one basket.

Mutual funds and ETFs offer the opportunity to invest in a diversified portfolio of dividend-paying stocks without the need to individually research and purchase individual stocks. These types of investment vehicles are managed by professional fund managers who research and select the underlying holdings in the fund. However, it is important to be aware of the fees associated with mutual funds and ETFs, as these can eat into your returns.

Dividend Investing Strategies

There many dividend investing strategies, just to name a few:

  1. Dividend Growth Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that have a history of consistently increasing their dividends over time. These companies are considered to be financially stable and have a strong business model that allows them to generate steady cash flow.
  2. Dividend Income Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that currently offer high dividend yields. These companies may not have a history of consistently increasing their dividends, but they offer investors a high return on their investment in the form of dividends.
  3. Dividend Aristocrat Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that have a history of consistently increasing their dividends for at least 25 consecutive years. These companies are considered to be financially stable, have a strong business model, and are able to generate steady cash flow. This is often considered as a low-risk investment strategy.
  4. Dividend Capture: This strategy involves buying shares of a stock just before it pays its dividend, and then selling the stock shortly after. This allows investors to collect the dividend without having to hold the stock for a long period of time.
  5. High-Yield Dividend Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that currently offer high dividend yields, but also have a history of financial stability. These companies may have a higher risk than other dividend stocks, but they also offer the potential for higher returns.
  6. Value Dividend Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that are undervalued by the market, but also have a history of paying dividends. These companies may be overlooked by other investors, but they offer the potential for high returns if the market eventually recognizes their true value.
  7. Diversified Dividend Investing: This strategy involves investing in a diversified portfolio of dividend-paying stocks from different sectors and industries to minimize risk and maximize returns.
  8. International Dividend Investing: This strategy involves investing in companies that are based outside of the United States and pay dividends in a foreign currency. This can provide diversification benefits and the opportunity to benefit from currency fluctuations.

The first 3 are probably the most common and we’ll detail them a bit further.

Dividend Growth Investing

Dividend Growth Investing is a strategy that involves investing in companies that have a history of consistently increasing their dividends over time. These companies are considered to be financially stable and have a strong business model that allows them to generate steady cash flow.

To go about Dividend Growth Investing, you can follow these steps:

  1. Research: Start by researching companies that have a history of consistently increasing their dividends. You can find this information on financial websites such as Yahoo Finance or Google Finance, or you can use a stock screener to filter for companies with a strong dividend growth history.
  2. Evaluate the company: Once you have a list of potential companies, evaluate each one to determine if it is a good investment opportunity. Look at the company’s financials, management, and industry trends to determine if it is financially stable and has a strong business model.
  3. Calculate the Dividend Growth Rate: Look at the company’s dividend history and calculate its dividend growth rate, which is the rate at which the company has increased its dividends over time. A higher dividend growth rate indicates a stronger commitment to increasing dividends in the future.
  4. Look at the company’s payout ratio: The payout ratio is the percentage of earnings paid out as dividends. A company with a low payout ratio has more room to increase its dividends in the future.
  5. Evaluate the yield: Look at the company’s current dividend yield, which is the annual dividend per share divided by the current stock price. A higher yield is generally better, but also consider the company’s dividend growth rate and payout ratio when evaluating the yield.
  6. Diversify: Diversify your portfolio by investing in different companies and sectors to minimize risk and maximize returns.
  7. Monitor and Rebalance: Monitor your investments regularly and rebalance your portfolio as needed. If a company’s dividends begin to stagnate, it may be time to sell and invest in a different company with a stronger dividend growth history.

Please note that this is just a general guideline and it’s important to do your own research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions.

Dividend Income Investing

Dividend Income Investing is a strategy that involves investing in companies that currently offer high dividend yields. These companies may not have a history of consistently increasing their dividends, but they offer investors a high return on their investment in the form of dividends.

To go about Dividend Income Investing, you can follow these steps:

  1. Research: Start by researching companies that currently offer high dividend yields. You can find this information on financial websites such as Yahoo Finance or Google Finance, or you can use a stock screener to filter for companies with high dividend yields.
  2. Evaluate the company: Once you have a list of potential companies, evaluate each one to determine if it is a good investment opportunity. Look at the company’s financials, management, and industry trends to determine if it is financially stable and has a strong business model.
  3. Look at the company’s dividend history: While companies with high yields may not have a history of consistently increasing their dividends, it is still important to look at their past dividend payments to get an idea of the company’s commitment to paying dividends in the future.
  4. Look at the company’s payout ratio: The payout ratio is the percentage of earnings paid out as dividends. A company with a low payout ratio has more room to maintain or even increase dividends in the future.
  5. Evaluate the yield: Look at the company’s current dividend yield, which is the annual dividend per share divided by the current stock price. A higher yield is generally better, but also consider the company’s dividend history, payout ratio and the overall stability of the company when evaluating the yield.
  6. Diversify: Diversify your portfolio by investing in different companies and sectors to minimize risk and maximize returns.
  7. Monitor and Rebalance: Monitor your investments regularly and rebalance your portfolio as needed. If a company’s dividends begin to decline, it may be time to sell and invest in a different company with a higher yield.

Please note that this is just a general guideline and it’s important to do your own research and consult with a financial advisor before making any investment decisions. Additionally, companies with high dividends yields may come with a higher risk, as the company may be facing some financial difficulties or the yield may be high because the stock price has dropped.

Dividend Aristocrats

Dividend aristocrats are companies that have consistently increased their dividends for 25 or more consecutive years. These companies are often seen as stable and financially sound, with a track record of growing their dividends over the long-term.

Dividend aristocrats are typically blue-chip stocks of well-established companies with a strong financial foundation. They may include multinational corporations, utility companies, and other types of businesses that have a history of stability and growth.

Investing in dividend aristocrats can be a way for investors to generate a steady stream of income and potentially benefit from capital appreciation over the long-term. These stocks may be attractive to income-oriented investors, particularly those who are seeking a more conservative investment option.

It is important to note that dividend aristocrats are not without risk. The value of the stock and the dividends paid by the company may fluctuate, and there is no guarantee that the company will continue to increase its dividends in the future. As with any investment, it is important to thoroughly research and carefully consider any dividend aristocrat before making a decision.

There are currently around 60 companies in the S&P 500 index that are considered dividend aristocrats, meaning they have consistently increased their dividends for 25 or more consecutive years.

The number of dividend aristocrats may fluctuate over time as companies are added or removed from the list based on their dividend payment history. Companies may be removed from the list if they fail to meet the criteria for consecutive dividend increases, or if they are acquired or go out of business.

It is important to note that the dividend aristocrats list is based on the S&P 500 index, which represents the performance of 500 large publicly traded companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ. There may be other dividend-paying companies that meet the criteria for being a dividend aristocrat but are not included on the list because they are not part of the S&P 500 index.

Here are the dividend aristocrats companies in 2022:

Company Sector Years of Dividend Growth Dividend Yield (as of Feb. 9)
3M Co. (MMM) Industrials 64 3.70%
A.O. Smith Corp. (AOS) Industrials 29 1.50%
Abbott Laboratories (ABT) Health care 50 1.50%
AbbVie Inc. (ABBV) Health care 50 4.50%
Aflac Inc. (AFL) Financials 39 2.50%
Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (APD) Materials 40 2.60%
Albemarle Corp. (ALB) Materials 28 0.70%
Amcor PLC (AMCR) Materials 39 4.20%
Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. (ADM) Consumer staples 48 2.10%
Atmos Energy Corp. (ATO) Utilities 35 2.60%
Automatic Data Processing Inc. (ADP) Information technology 47 2.00%
Becton, Dickinson & Co. (BDX) Health care 50 1.30%
Brown & Brown Inc. (BRO) Financials 28 0.60%
Brown-Forman Corp. (BF-B) Consumer staples 38 1.10%
Cardinal Health Inc. (CAH) Health care 35 3.60%
Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) Industrials 28 2.20%
Chevron Corp. (CVX) Energy 35 4.10%
Chubb Ltd. (CB) Financials 29 1.60%
Church & Dwight Co. Inc. (CHD) Consumer staples 26 1.00%
Cincinnati Financial Corp. (CINF) Financials 62 2.20%
Cintas Corp. (CTAS) Industrials 38 1.00%
The Clorox Co. (CLX) Consumer staples 46 3.20%
The Coca-Cola Co. (KO) Consumer staples 60 2.70%
Colgate-Palmolive Co. (CL) Consumer staples 60 2.20%
Consolidated Edison Inc. (ED) Utilities 48 3.70%
Dover Corp. (DOV) Industrials 66 1.20%
Ecolab Inc. (ECL) Materials 30 1.10%
Emerson Electric Co. (EMR) Industrials 60 2.10%
Essex Property Trust Inc. (ESS) Real estate 28 2.70%
Expeditors International of Washington Inc. (EXPD) Industrials 28 1.10%
ExxonMobil Corp. (XOM) Energy 38 4.30%
Federal Realty Investment Trust (FRT) Real estate 50 3.50%
Franklin Resources Inc. (BEN) Financials 41 3.70%
General Dynamics Corp. (GD) Industrials 31 2.20%
Genuine Parts Co. (GPC) Consumer discretionary 66 2.50%
Hormel Foods Corp. (HRL) Consumer staples 56 2.20%
Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW) Industrials 51 2.20%
International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) Information technology 26 4.80%
Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) Health care 60 2.50%
Kimberly-Clark Corp. (KMB) Consumer staples 49 3.50%
Linde PLC (LIN) Materials 29 1.40%
Lowe’s Cos. Inc. (LOW) Consumer discretionary 48 1.40%
McCormick & Co. (MKC) Consumer staples 36 1.40%
McDonald’s Corp. (MCD) Consumer discretionary 45 2.10%
Medtronic PLC (MDT) Health care 44 2.50%
NextEra Energy Inc. (NEE) Utilities 26 2.00%
Nucor Corp. (NUE) Materials 49 1.70%
Pentair PLC (PNR) Industrials 45 1.40%
People’s United Financial Inc. (PBCT) Financials 29 3.40%
PepsiCo Inc. (PEP) Consumer staples 49 2.50%
PPG Industries Inc. (PPG) Materials 50 1.50%
Procter & Gamble Co. (PG) Consumer staples 66 2.20%
Realty Income Corp. (O) Real estate 27 4.40%
Roper Technologies Inc. (ROP) Industrials 29 0.60%
S&P Global Inc. (SPGI) Financials 49 0.80%
Sherwin-Williams Co. (SHW) Materials 43 0.80%
Stanley Black & Decker Inc. (SWK) Industrials 54 1.90%
Sysco Corp. (SYY) Consumer staples 42 2.30%
T. Rowe Price Group Inc. (TROW) Financials 36 2.90%
Target Corp. (TGT) Consumer discretionary 50 1.70%
VF Corp. (VFC) Consumer discretionary 50 3.20%
W.W. Grainger Inc. (GWW) Industrials 51 1.30%
Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. (WBA) Consumer staples 46 3.80%
Walmart Inc. (WMT) Consumer staples 49 1.60%
West Pharmaceutical Services Inc. (WST) Health care 29 0.20%

 

Categories
Financial Literacy Investing

What Are The Main Investment Types?

We’ll try to list the main investment types out there, how they function, i.e. how do you make money from them and we’ll try to classify how passive they are and the usual expected volatility.

What Are The Main Investment Types?

1. Real Estate

There are several ways to invest in real estate, from land acquisition, land development, single family rentals, multi family rentals, office rentals, industrial rentals. While there are a lot more hybrid investment types from house hacking to vacation rentals, we’ll only go through the main investment types in this introductory post.

1.1 Single Family Rentals

This is probably the most straightforward investment type in the real estate space: acquiring single family homes and rent them out. The business is simple: rent the home and maintain it in habitable condition for the customer.

The owner of the rental also may also profit down the road by selling the property for a profit if it appreciates.

1.2 Multi Family Rentals

Similar to single family rentals, but the asset is in general an apartment building. Duplexes and triplexes, smaller buildings, also qualify as multi family.

1.3 Land Acquisition

This is usually an appreciation play, where one would simply acquire land hoping to sell later in time, for a profit, if the land appreciates in value over time.

There’s one main exception regarding agricultural lending, where one can lend its land to a farmer to exploit the land. The owner of the land receives a rent and in exchange the farmer can exploit the land growing crops or farming livestock.

1.4 Land Development

Land development consist in acquiring raw land and developing it, usually bringing electricity, water and sewer to sell it to a real estate builder to then build and sell buildings, often multi family or single family homes.

1.5 Office Rentals

This is similar to multi family rentals, in the sense that this involves usually bigger buildings, however they’re usually leased to companies or specialized professionals.

1.6 Industrial Rentals

This is similar to office rentals, but concerns industrial buildings usually leased to companies. In this categories we usually have warehouses or industrial buildings able to house machinery.

2. Stocks

Stocks are usually fractions of a company traded on an exchange.  By buying the stock, you buy a fraction of said company.

2.1 Regular Stocks

By buying the stock, you expect the company to do well and have its share price increase to later sell it for a profit.

2.2 ETFs

ETFs or Exchange Traded Fund are usually funds that invest in several companies/stocks or track some indexes. It allows you to own a pool of investments without the hassle of having to buy every single one of them individually.

Similar to stocks, you’d buy the ETF expecting it to go up in value to sell for a profit.

2.3 Dividend Stocks

Dividend stocks are stocks that pay a dividend, sometimes monthly, but usually quarterly, as long as you’re holding the stocks. These stocks are usually from more established companies, with proven business models, where the growth of the stock usually lower but compensate for it with its dividend.

Dividend are taxed differently than capital gains from selling stocks for a profit and can be interesting in that regards.

Also several dividend companies tend to increase their dividend over time. Dividend aristocrats are dividend companies that have increased their dividend for at least 25 years.

2.4 REITs

REITs or Real Estate Investment Trust are companies that invest primarily in you guessed it, real estate. To qualify as a REIT must have at least 75% of its income derived from real estate and it must distribute at least 90% of its taxable income as dividend to its shareholders.

REITs income is usually taxed as income, unlike dividends and based on your tax bracket, it may be advantageous to hold them in tax preferred accounts such as a 401k or an IRA.

3. Bonds

Bonds are loan to a government (government bonds) or to a company (corporate bonds) for a certain period of time (maturity)and you receive interest (the coupon) , until the loans matures at which point you receive the principal payment.

4. Leveraged Financial Instruments

4.1 Options

Options, commonly on stocks, but can also apply against other financial instruments, are just that: option (not obligation) to buy (call option) or sell (put option) at a given price (strike price) until a certain time, the expiration date.

These investments are usually more volatile and riskier, because of the leverage builtin into the contract.

4.2 Forex

This is the currency market, where ones can profit from the gain of a currency against another. While usually reserved for more advanced investors, the concept is often eye opening that whatever you own that changes in value is a paired trade. When the USD/JPY forex pair trade goes up it means the US dollar goes up against the Japanese yen. When your home goes up in value, it means your home value goes up against the dollar. At which point you want to ask, is the house gaining in value or is the dollar losing in value?

Forex symbols are usually traded with leverage which can increase the risk if not managed carefully.

4.3 Futures

Futures are contract, usually on commodities but also on stock indexes and currencies. The contract establishes the price of an amount of a commodity at a certain date, e.g. The June 2020 Gold contract, at $1583, establishes the price of an ounce of gold by June 2020.

The market allows producers of such commodities to lock in a price for their production, while speculators, often blamed for commodities volatility allow the market to exist in the first place.

While not perfect, it should be noted that the existence of the market allow producers to hedge their production and many producers would not be in business without the existence of the futures market.

Futures , like the Forex, are usually traded with leverage which can increase the risk if not managed carefully.

5. Alternative Investments

This involves structured financial products in various area, such as art, real estate, marine, legal… It often involve lending money to a third party using various assets from the third party as collateral.

It’s usually reserved to accredited investors, i.e. investors earning more than $200,000 annually if single ($300,000 if married) or have more than $1,000,000  in assets excluding the primary residence. Or institutional investors like investment banks, pension funds and so on.

6. Private Equity

Private equity is generally speaking part of the alternative investments class, but probably deserves a note of its own. Like for alternative investments, these investments come mainly from accredited investors or institutional investors. There are 2 main segments in private equity: one for early stage companies or startups, one for later stage companies and distressed companies.

6.1 Early stage companies or startups

That’s usually where venture capital and angel investors come in. They will pool money or invest their own money to help develop early stage companies, usually in the hope the resell it at a higher price to a bigger company or take it to the public market, where they can exit their position.

The game in startups investing is that most of your investments will go to zero, but the few who survive will make a disproportionate amount of money.

If you want to put some rough numbers, successful startups investors, often see 90% of their investments go to zero. 9% percent of their investments get a 10-50x returns. And 1% turn into a 100-2000x returns and sometimes more.

The downside is that there’s usually no liquidity, so it’s very hard to liquidate your holdings and it’s usually a long game. It will take usually more than 5 and often around 10 years for those early companies to mature to the point where you can expect those enormous gains.

6.2 Distressed companies

Another side of private equity is to invest in failing or distressed companies. Investors usually buy the debt of a company at a steep discount and will try to turn the management around and eventually turn it into a profitable company again, so they can eventually collect the debt repayment.

If that ideal scenario fails and the company is forced into bankruptcy, investors will try to recoup some money during the bankruptcy process.

7. Institutional Investments

This are types of investments reserved for institutions (e.g. CDS), usually due to the amount required to participate in such investments which can range from several hundreds millions of dollar or billions of dollars and sometimes require special licenses to be allowed to participate into such investments. We won’t discuss much about these but it’s good to know that they exist because they can have some influence into other types of investments accessible to the general public.

Conclusion

We’ve presented most of the common investment classes. As far as building a passive income portfolio, we’ll talk more about rental real estate and stocks. We’ll also touch upon alternative investments and also discuss some opportunities with leveraged financial instruments when they arise.